Empathy as a Common Ground Between Moral Development and Active Citizenship: An Aristotelian Approach

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.57125/FP.2025.03.30.04

Keywords:

Empathy, moral development, Aristotle, active citizenship, role of education

Abstract

This article explores the role of empathy as a common ground for the moral development and active citizenship of the individual. References to the history of the concept of empathy and its descriptive definition are presented in a way that facilitates its examination as a human skill—one that can function both as a moral virtue and as a driving force for conscious participation in public life, particularly in the modern era. Aristotelian thought serves as the primary theoretical framework under which empathy, its moral dimension, and its relationship to active citizenship are analyzed. Through the Aristotelian approach, empathy can be understood as the fundamental internal quality of the individual, enabling the development of the necessary sensitivity and appropriate criteria that contribute to their formation as an active citizen. At this juncture, the role of education is deemed crucial, as it can serve both moral development and the shaping of active citizenship through the cultivation of empathy. Ultimately, this article highlights the interconnection between empathy, moral development, citizenship and education as a central issue, especially in the context of the rapid socio-political changes occurring on a global scale.

References

Banks, J. A. (1993). Multicultural education: Historical development, dimensions and practice, Review of Research in Education, 19, 3–49. https://education.uw.edu/sites/default/files/Review%20of%20Research%20AERA.pdf

Banks, J. A. (Ed.). (2009). The Routledge international companion to multicultural education (1st ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203881514

Barnett G., Mann R. E. (2013). Empathy deficits and sexual offending: A model of obstacles to empathy. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 18(2), 228–239. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2012.11.010

Bartelds, H., Savenije, G. M., van Drie, J., & van Boxtel, C. (2023). Using eyewitnesses to promote students’ understanding of empathy in the history classroom. The Journal of Social Studies Research, 47(2), 129–144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jssr.2022.12.001

Behm, D. G., & Carter, T. B. (2021). Empathetic factors and influences on physical performance: A topical review. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, Article 686262. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.686262

Bickmore, K. (2005). Teacher development for conflict participation: Facilitating learning for 'difficult citizenship' education. International Journal of Citizenship and Teacher Education, 1(2), 2–16. http://hdl.handle.net/1807/107923

Boal, A. (1993). Theatre of the oppressed. Theatre Communications Group.

Bryant, D., & Clark, P. (2006). Historical empathy and Canada: A people’s history. Canadian Journal of Education, 29(4), 1039–1064. https://journals.sfu.ca/cje/index.php/cje-rce/article/view/2931

Collingwood, R. G. (1946). The idea of history. Oxford University Press. https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.168203/page/n7/mode/2up

Connolly, P., Miller, S., Kee, F., Sloan, S., Gildea, A., McIntosh, E., Boyer, N., & Bland, M. (2018). A cluster randomised controlled trial and evaluation and cost-effectiveness analysis of the Roots of Empathy schools-based programme for improving social and emotional well-being outcomes among 8- to 9-year-olds in Northern Ireland. Public Health Research, 6(4), 1–108. https://doi.org/10.3310/phr06040

Cooper, Β. (2011). Empathy in education-engagement, values and achievements. Continuum International Publishing Group.

Davis, M. R. (2021). The effects of empathy on support for Christmas music performance in public schools. Journal for Multicultural Education, 15(2), 117–128. https://doi.org/10.1108/JME-07-2020-0063

Decety, J., & Jackson, P. L. (2004). The functional architecture of human empathy. Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience Reviews, 3(2), 71–100. https://doi.org/10.1177/1534582304267187

DeAngelis, L. (2022). Enabling the exploration of disorienting dilemma in the classroom. Journal of Education, 202(4), 585–600. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022057421991865

Demetriou, H. (1988). Empathy, emotion and education. Palgrave Macmillan.

Dolby, N. (2013). Empathy and the creative university. In M. Peters & T. Besley (Eds.), The creative university (pp. 119–130). Sense Publishers.

Eick, G. M. (2024). Welfare chauvinism in Europe. How education, economy and culture shape public attitudes. Elgar. https://www.e-elgar.com/shop/gbp/welfare-chauvinism-in-europe-9781803925523.html

Endacott, J. L., Warren, J., Hackett-Hill, K., & Lalonde, A. (2023). Arts integrated historical empathy: Preservice teachers’ engagement with pluralistic lived experiences and efforts toward instructional application. Theory & Research in Social Education, 52(3), 414–457. https://doi.org/10.1080/00933104.2023.2279157

English, W. (2017). Varieties of citizenship and the moral foundations of politics. In D. Thunder (Ed.), The ethics of citizenship in the 21st century (pp. 13–26). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-50415-5_2

Ernst, J., Underwood, C., Wojciehowski, M., & Nayquonabe, T. (2024). Empathy capacity-building through a community of practice approach: Exploring perceived impacts and implications. Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens, 5(3), 395–415. https://doi.org/10.3390/jzbg5030027

Goetz, J. L., Keltner, D., & Simon-Thomas, E. (2010). Compassion: An evolutionary analysis and empirical review. Psychological Bulletin, 136(3), 351–374. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0018807

Gottman, J. M., & DeClaire, J. (1997). Raising an emotionally intelligent child: The heart of parenting. Simon & Schuster.

Gottman, J. M., Katz, L. F., & Hooven, C. (1997). Metaemotion: How families communicate emotionally. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Jeffrey, D. I. (2020). Empathy-Based Ethics (EBE): A new approach to clinical ethics. In D. I. Jeffrey (Ed.), Empathy-Based Ethics (pp. 73–94). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-64804-6_7

Hoffman, M. L. (2000). Empathy and moral development: Implications for caring and justice (1st ed.). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511805851

Karn, S. (2024). Walking in their footsteps: Historical empathy and experiential learning on battlefield study tours. Historical Encounters: A Journal of Historical Consciousness, Historical Cultures, and History Education, 11(1), 30–42. https://doi.org/10.52289/hej11.103

Kimanen, A. (2022). Enhancing informed empathy as a key to promoting social justice in religious education classes. Journal of Religious Education, 70, 77–93 https://doi.org/10.1007/s40839-022-00159-9

Koios, N. (2022). Chapters of applied ethics. Zitros.

Kwon, D. (2016, November 24). The limits of empathy: Diana Kwon on when walking in another’s shoes is not enough. The British Psychological Society. https://www.bps.org.uk/psychologist/limits-empathy

Kymlicka, W. (2003). Multicultural states and intercultural citizens. Theory and Research in Education, 1(2), 147–169. https://doi:10.1177/1477878503001002001

Lee, H. K., & Park, J. E. (2021). Designing a new empathy-oriented prototyping toolkit for the design thinking process: Creativity and design sensibility. International Journal of Art and Design Education, 40(2), 324–341. https://doi.org/10.1111/jade.12345

Lishner, D. A., Batson, C. D., & Huss, E. (2011). Tenderness and sympathy: Distinct empathic emotions elicited by different forms of need. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 37, 614–625. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167211403157

Lipps, T. (1923). Ästhetik: psychologie des schönen und der Kunst. Leipzig.

Liu, W., Huang, R., Wang, J., Chen, Y., Ohashi, T., Li, B., Liu, Y., Qiu, D., Yu, R., Zhang, J., Al Mahmud, A., & Leifer, L. (2024). Empathy design thinking: Cultivating creative minds in primary education. Frontiers in Education, 9, Article 1376305. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2024.1376305

Loland, S. (2002). Fair play in sport A moral norm system. Routledge.

McCowan, T. (2009). Rethinking citizenship education: a curriculum for participatory democracy. Continuum.

Maines, B., & Robinson, G. (1992). The no blame approach. Lucky Duck.

Mark, H. D. (1983). Measuring individual differences in empathy: Evidence for a multidimensional approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 44(1), 113–126. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.44.1.113

Mathur, S., & Corley, K. (2014). Bringing ethics into the classroom: Making a case for frameworks, multiple perspectives and narrative sharing. International Education Studies, 7(9), 136–136. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ies.v7n9p136

Mayer, J. D. (2004). What is emotional intelligence? UNH Personality Lab. 8. https://scholars.unh.edu/personality_lab/8

Montero, J. (2023). Developing empathy through design thinking in elementary art education. International Journal of Art & Design Education, 42(1), 155–171. https://doi.org/10.1111/jade.12445

Morizio, L. J., Cook, A. L., Collier-Meek, M. A., Famolare, G. M., Fallon, L. M., & Bender, S. L. (2022). Creating compassion: Creatively-focused explicit behavioral instruction for empathy development. School Psychology Review, 53(3), 294–309. https://doi.org/10.1080/2372966X.2022.2109060

Musnandar, A. (2020). Simulation-based learning in religious education to develop student empathy on peace education. HUNAFA Jurnal Studia Islamika, 17(2), 122–144. https://www.jurnalhunafa.org/index.php/hunafa/article/view/606

Noddings, N. (2013). Caring: A relational approach to ethics and moral education. University of California Press.

Osler, A., & Vincent, K. (2002). Citizenship and the challenge of global education. Trentham Books.

Oxley, J. (2011). The moral dimensions of empathy: Limits and applications in ethical theory and practice. Palgrave Macmillan London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230347809

Perrotta, K., Hochuli, C., Hickson, J., & Williams, R. (2024). They were here: A study on high school students’ engagement in historical empathy with a local history research project. The Journal of Social Studies Research, 48(1), 3–16. https://doi.org/10.1177/23522798231223670

Play Like a Champion Today. (2025). About us. https://www.playlikeachampion.org/about

Phillips, L. C. (2003). Nurturing empathy. Art Education, 56(4), 45–53. https://doi.org/10.1080/00043125.2003.11653509

Pitsou, C., & Theocharidi, A. (2024). Integrating democratic principles in early childhood education through an art program for gender equality. European Journal of Alternative Education Studies, 9(2), 244–257. https://oapub.org/edu/index.php/ejae/article/view/5725

Positive Coaching Alliance. (n.d.). Coaching with empathy. https://devzone.positivecoach.org/resource/worksheet/coaching-empathy

Rock, E. A., Hammond, M., & Rasmussen, S. (2002, August 22–25). School based program to teach children empathy and bully prevention [Conference presentation abstract]. 110th Annual Conference of the American Psychological Association, Chicago, IL, United States. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED471437.pdf

Rogers, C. R. (1975). Empathic: An unappreciated way of being. The Counseling Psychologist, 5(2), 2–10. https://doi.org/10.1177/001100007500500202

Sanna, F. (2018). Teaching empathy for a better world. Knowledge Quest, 46(5), 70–72. https://cbcbooks.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/KNOW_46_5_CBC_70-72-1.pdf

Schonert-Reichl, K. A., & Oberle, E. (2011). Teaching empathy to children: Theoretical and empirical considerations and implications for practice. In B. Weber, E. Marsal, & T. Dobashi (Eds.), The politics of empathy: New interdisciplinary perspectives on an ancient phenomenon (pp. 117–148). ‎LIT Verlag.

Scudder, M. F. (2016). Beyond empathy: Strategies and ideals of democratic deliberation. Polity, 48(4), 524–550. https://doi.org/10.1057/S41279-016-0001-9

Sezen-Balcikanli, G. (2009). Fair-play and empathy: A research study with student teachers. Journal of US-China Public Administration, 6, 79–84. https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145600649

Shields, D., & Bredemeier, B. (1995). Character development and physical activity. Human Kinetics.

Silke, C., Brady, B., Boylan, C., & Dolan, P. (2018). Factors influencing the development of empathy and pro-social behaviour among adolescents: A systematic review. Children and Youth Services Review.

Smith, P., Mann, J., & Marsh, A. (2024). Empathy for wildlife: The importance of the individual. Ambio, 53(9), 1269–1280. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-024-02017-4

Spinrad, T. L., & Liew, J. (2022). Empathy-related responding and prosocial behaviour in the school setting. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781138609877-REE59-1

Thunder, D. (2017). What is the use of an ethical theory of citizenship? In D. Thunder (Ed.), The ethics of citizenship in the 21st century (pp. 13–26). Cham: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-50415-5_1

Titchener, E. B. (1909). The Experimental Psychology of Thought. In E. B. Titchener (Ed.), Lectures on the experimental psychology of the thought-processes. (pp. 157–194). MacMillan Co. https://doi.org/10.1037/10877-005

Tsatsou-Nikolouli, S., & Mavrogeni, S. (2021). Enhancing empathy through a creative writing program in elementary school. Research Journal of Education, 7(72), 62–67. https://doi.org/10.32861/RJE.72.62.67

Tsioumis, K. (2020) Citizenship education in kindergarten and primary school: Experiences and conclusions from the Greek environment. In B. Krzywosz-Rynkiewicz & V. Zorbas (Eds.), Citizenship at a crossroads: Rights, identity, and education (pp. 600–610). Prague, CZ: Charles University and Children’s Identity and Citizenship European Association.

Venegas, K. M. (2024). Engaging students and expanding the canon of knowledge through empathy-based pedagogy. Cea Critic, 86(3), 256–264. https://doi.org/10.1353/cea.2024.a944009

Waytz, A. (2016). The limits of empathy. Harvard Business Review, 2016(January-February). https://www.scholars.northwestern.edu/en/publications/the-limits-of-empathy

Westheimer, J., & Kahne, J. (2004). What kind of citizen? The politics of educating for democracy. American Educational Research Journal, 41(2), 237–269. https://doi.org/10.3102/00028312041002237

Wolfe, E. (2017). Bullying and mental health in children: Development and evaluation of the ThinkSMART program, and an exploration of the pathways from victimisation to mental health difficulties [Unpublished PhD thesis]. The University of Queensland. https://doi.org/10.14264/uql.2017.837

Wren, H. (2024). Journeying with affective embodied empathy for an ethical understanding of environmental education. In K. Chappell, C. Turner, & H. Wren (Eds.), Creative Ruptions for Emergent Educational Futures (pp 95–121). Cham: Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-52973-3_5

Zembylas, M. (2012). Pedagogies of strategic empathy: Navigating through the emotional complexities of anti-racism in higher education. Teaching in Higher Education, 17(2), 113–125. https://doi.org/10.1080/13562517.2011.611869

Zins, J. E., Weissberg, R. P., Wang, M. C., & Walberg, H. J. (Eds.). (2004). Building academic success on social and emotional learning: What does the research say?. Teachers College Press.

Zulkarnain, A., Siregar, R., Yusuf, E. A., & Wahyuni, P. (2019). Bullying at school and impact of empathy training. The Journal of Social Sciences Research, 5(1), 117–120. https://ideas.repec.org/a/arp/tjssrr/2019p117-120.html

Downloads

Published

2025-03-03

How to Cite

Pitsou, C., & Koios, N. (2025). Empathy as a Common Ground Between Moral Development and Active Citizenship: An Aristotelian Approach. Futurity Philosophy, 4(1), 52–70. https://doi.org/10.57125/FP.2025.03.30.04