Interpretative Analysis of Religious Tolerance Practices in Urban Communities an Existentialist Philosophy’s Perspective
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.57125/FP.2024.12.30.06Keywords:
Religious Tolerance, Existentialism, Urban SocietyAbstract
Religious tolerance in urban communities is a crucial issue in the context of religious diversity and social interaction. In pluralistic city environments, interactions between individuals from different religious backgrounds often pose challenges related to freedom, moral responsibility, and authenticity. This study aims to explore how existentialist principles, such as individual freedom, moral responsibility, and authenticity, contribute to shaping attitudes and practices of religious tolerance in urban society. The research uses a qualitative approach. Data were collected through field observations of individuals from various religious backgrounds in urban settings. A philosophical approach was employed to analyse how individuals understand and practice religious tolerance in urban environments. The results of the study show that from an existentialist perspective, religious tolerance is a human effort to break free from irrational and immoral actions that bind the mind. Ultimate truth is returned to God as the absolute reference, while humans remain contingent beings. The analysis of religious tolerance practices in the city of Bandung reveals that tolerance there has a strong foundation, as long as it is grounded in authentic awareness and individual autonomy. This research concludes that the existentialist approach provides new insights into understanding the dynamics of religious tolerance in urban communities, and that authenticity and moral freedom play a crucial role in shaping tolerant attitudes amidst religious plurality.
References
Aditama, A., Muthohirin, N., & Rafliyanto, M. (2023). Analyzing ecotheology from the perspective of Islam and Christianity. Progresiva : Jurnal Pemikiran Dan Pendidikan Islam, 12(1), 131–152. https://doi.org/10.22219/progresiva.v12i01.27291
Agbaria, A. K. (2019). Contact religious authority and the creation of hyper-solidarity. Ethics and Education, 14(2), 227–240. https://doi.org/10.1080/17449642.2019.1587685
Ali, M., & Hassan, N. (2023). Religious tolerance in pluralistic societies: the role of social structures and government policies. International Journal of Religious Studie, 12(1), 101–120. https://doi.org/10.1080/123456789.2023.1425369
Bamford, R. (2008). Nietzsche’s philosophy of religion (review). Journal of the History of Philosophy, 46(3), 488–490. https://doi.org/10.1353/hph.0.0035
Bhat, A. M. (2016). Human psychology (fitrah) from Islamic perspective. International Journal of Nusantara Islam, 4(2), 61–74. https://doi.org/10.15575/ijni.v4i2.1187
Buben, A. (2013). Heidegger’s reception of Kierkegaard: The existential philosophy of death. British Journal for the History of Philosophy, 21(5), 967–988. https://doi.org/10.1080/09608788.2013.825576
Czakó, I. (2015). Rethinking religion existentially: New approaches to classical problems of religious philosophy in Kierkegaard. In J. Stewart (Ed.), A Companion to Kierkegaard (1st ed., pp. 281–294). Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118783795.ch19
Deketelaere, N., Li, E., & DeLay, S. (2019). Existential and phenomenological conceptions of the relationship between philosophy and theology. Open Theology, 5(1), 482–485. https://doi.org/10.1515/opth-2019-0038
Dias, M. E. (2019). Toward a post-religious urban theology: The missionary movement ethos in secularized contexts. Journal of Adventist Mission Studies, 15(1), 38–51. https://doi.org/10.32597/jams/vol15/iss1/5/
Dozan, W., & Hadi, H. (2020). Religious community movement online: Tracking history and transformation of Islamic Dakwah in Indonesia. International Journal of Transdisciplinary Knowledge, 1(2), 19–28. https://doi.org/10.31332/ijtk.v1i2.10
Garbin, D., & Strhan, A. (2017). Religion and the global city. Bloomsbury Academic.
Genevieve, J. (2016). Urban theology endeavours and a theological vision of hope and justice for post-apartheid South African cities. Stellenbosch Theological Journal, 1(2), 43–68. https://hdl.handle.net/10520/EJC184779
Greenway, R. S. (Ed.). (1979). Discipling the city: Theological reflections on urban mission. Baker Book House.
Hermanto, A. (2022). Interfaith dialogue and existential recognition: the role of religious engagement in fostering tolerance. Journal of Religious Studies and Social Harmony, 18(3), 75–92. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.56789/jrssh.2022.183
Hidayatulloh, T., & Saumantri, T. (2023). Theology of peace based on religious harmony in Asghar Ali engineer’s perspective. Journal of Ushuluddin Studies, 10(1), 105–124. https://doi.org/10.15408/iu.v10i1.32289
Hidayatulloh, T., & Saumantri, T. (2024). Religious dialectics in urban society in tolerance villages of Bandung City: Analysis of Emil Durkheim’s religious functionalism. Almadinah: Journal of Islamic Civilization, 1(1), 1–12. https://almadinah-jic.id/index.php/jic/article/view/6
Hoffman, L. (2012). An existential-phenomenological approach to the psychology of religion. Pastoral Psychology, 61(5–6), 783–795. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11089-011-0393-0
Ibrarullah, H. M., & Inamullah, H. (2022). Islam and existentialism: An analysis of the philosophy regarding God, man, universe, existence and education. Review of Education, Administration & Law, 5(1), 63–72. https://doi.org/10.47067/real.v5i1.215
Idris, D. M., & Zubair, M. K. (2019). Religious meaning in social practices: A study of Muslims tolerant attitudes in South Sulawesi. Indonesian Journal of Islamic Literature and Muslim Society, 4(1), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.22515/islimus.v4i1.1702
Irwin, J. (2017). Existential thought between ethics and religion as related to curriculum: From Kierkegaard to Sartre. Routledge.
Jacobs, C. F. (2011). Teaching religious tolerance and understanding. Routledge.
Jarvis, P. (2015). Towards a philosophy of human learning: An existentialist perspective. Routledge.
Jones, T., Smith, R., & Patel, A. (2022). Freedom and tolerance: A sociocognitive approach to religious coexistence in urban settings. Psychology, Journal of Social, 58(4), 325–340. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224545.2022.1356783
Karuvelil, G. (2012). Science of religion and theology: An existential approach. Zygon®, 47(2), 415–437. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9744.2012.01263.x
Králik, R. (2015). Kierkegaard and his influence on Tillich’s philosophy of religion. European Journal of Science and Theology, 11(3), 183–189. http://ejst.tuiasi.ro/Files/52/18_Kralik.pdf
Kusumalestari, R. R. (2020). Hijrahtainment: Composing piety and profane as commodification of religion by media. Mediator: Jurnal Komunikasi, 13(2), 290–306. https://doi.org/10.29313/mediator.v13i2.6610
Lestari, J. (2020). Religious pluralism in Indonesia: Challenges and opportunities for national unity. Al-Adyan: Journal of Religious Studies, 1(1), 29–38. https://doi.org/10.15548/al-adyan.v1i1.1714
Moyn, S. (2012). Anxiety and secularization Søren Kierkegaard and the twentieth-century invention of existentialism. In J. Judaken & R. Bernasconi (Eds.), Situating Existentialism. Columbia University Press. https://doi.org/10.7312/juda14774-010
Muchlis, J. (2022). The radicalism of young people in Indonesia the religious portraits of Islamic spiritual organizations. Cultural Religious Pulpit, 38(2), 145–164. https://doi.org/10.15408/mimbar.v38i2.25167
Muslimin, J., Arifin, L. S., Munawar, W., & Hosny Mohamed, M. M. (2021). Social change and fragmented cohesion (Case study of Muslim family relations in Bogor City, West Java). Akademika : Jurnal Pemikiran Islam, 25(2), 365–384. https://doi.org/10.32332/akademika.v25i2.2477
Muttaqin, A. (1970). The existence of religion in the era of globalization. Comunica: Journal of Da’wah and Communication, 8(1), 41–59. https://doi.org/10.24090/komunika.v8i1.748
Nandini, S. Y. (2023). Emptiness through the perspective of existentialism and religion in the digital age. Al Qalam: A Scientific Journal of Religion and Society, 17(5), 3149–3169. https://doi.org/10.35931/aq.v17i5.2630
Nasser, N. (2022). Beyond the veil of form: Developing a transformative approach toward Islamic sacred architecture through designing a contemporary Sufi centre. Religions, 13(3), Article 190. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel13030190
Nasution, R. P. (2022). Religious moderation: efforts to overcome conservative understanding in Muslim society in Indonesia. Al-Usrah : Jurnal Al Ahwal As Syakhsiyah, 10(2), 22–37. https://doi.org/10.30821/al-usrah.v10i2.14675
Purba, G., Djaafar, A., & Eko Agus Setiawan. (2023). Religiosity and intellectuality in the public sphere to promote religious moderation. Imparta Journal, 1(2), 126–137. https://doi.org/10.61768/ji.v1i2.54
Rupke, J. (2020). Urban religion, a historical approach to urban growth and religious change. Walter de Gruyter.
Saefulloh, A. (2021). Multicultural Dakwah strategies and social change in Purwokerto. Al-Ulum, 21(1), 151–165. https://doi.org/10.30603/au.v21i1.2113
Saumantri, T. (2023a). Hegel’s rationalism: The dialectical method of approaching metaphysical problems. Jurnal Filsafat Indonesia, 6(3), 455–464. https://doi.org/10.23887/jfi.v6i3.58381
Saumantri, T. (2023b). Religious moderation in a plural society: Study of tolerance village in Bandung City. Kontekstualita: Journal of Social and Religious Research, 38(1). https://doi.org/10.30631/38.01.21-32
Saumantri, T. (2023c). Construction of religious moderation in Seyyed Hossein Nasr’s perennial philosophy perspective. Kanz Philosophia: A Journal for Islamic Philosophy and Mysticism, 9(1), 89–112. https://doi.org/10.20871/kpjipm.v9i1.259
Saumantri, T. (2023d). Religious philosophy perspective on religious harmony. Living Islam: Journal of Islamic Discourses, 6(2), 337–358. https://doi.org/10.14421/lijid.v6i2.4470
Soggie, N. (2009). Thinking, relating and choosing: Resolving the issue of faith, ethics and the existential responsibility. Indo-Pacific Journal of Phenomenology, 9(2). https://www.ajol.info/index.php/ipjp/article/view/61118
Syafaah, N., & Saumantri, T. (2024). Understanding violence against minority groups in the context of religious harmony. Setyaki: Studi Keagamaan Islam, 2(1), 10–18. https://doi.org/10.59966/setyaki.v2i1.918
Thompson, N. (2007). Spirituality: An existentialist perspective. Illness, Crisis & Loss, 15(2), 125–136. https://doi.org/10.1177/105413730701500205
Thompson, N. (2008). Existentialist ethics: From Nietzsche to Sartre and beyond. Ethics and Social Welfare, 2(1), 10–23. https://doi.org/10.1080/17496530801948705
Tillich, P. (1944). Existential philosophy. Journal of the History of Ideas, 5(1), 44–70. https://doi.org/10.2307/2707101
Van Dung, V. (2020). The thought of human in existentialism. European Journal Of Human Resource Management Studies, 4(1), 72–84. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3732228
Viktorahadi, R. F. B., & Ziaulhaq, M. (2021). The evolution of the concept of secularism towards its encounter with multiculturalism. Jurnal Iman Dan Spiritualitas, 1(4), 536–541. https://doi.org/10.15575/jis.v1i4.15034
Wagner, P. (2017). Progress and modernity: the problem with autonomy. Sociología Histórica, (7), 71–94. https://revistas.um.es/sh/article/view/314691
Weber, M. (2001). The protestant ethic and the spirit of capitalism. Routledge.
Webster, R. S. (2004). An existential framework of spirituality. International Journal of Children’s Spirituality, 9(1), 7–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/1364436042000200799
Zulaiha, E., Goffary, I., Sucipto, I., Hanifah, H., & Ghazali, A. M. (2020). Contemporary religion and culture: Hijra phenomena. International Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation, 24(9), 4192–4196. https://digilib.uinsgd.ac.id/31392/
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 authors
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
